Kondisi Indonesia Saat Ini

Nama : Muhammad Faqih Husein

Npm : 17214215

Kelas : 1EA29

 KONDISI INDONESIA SAAT KINI

       Indonesia di masa kini sunggu jauh berbeda dengan di masa lalu , di masa sekarang ini Indonesia mempunyai banyak hutang dengan Negara-negara lain Jumlah Utang dari tahun 2000 – 2014 terus meningkat.  Februari 2014, Total hutang Indonesia per Februari 2014 mencapai Rp 2.428,63 triliun dengan rasio 24,7% terhadap PDB.

       Indonesia berhutang kepada Negara-negara seperti jepang,prancis,dan jerman. Hutang Negara terus meningkat dan angka kemiskinan dan pengangguran juga meningkat, angka kemiskinan berdasar data BPS 17,7 persen atau 39 juta jiwa dan pengangguran 10,4 persen. tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia semakin parah bukan hanya dari jumlah dan prosentase saja. Tapi. Jumlah kemiskinan di Indonesia naik 1,1 persen dibandingkan tahun lalu. Padahal Indonesia adalah Negara terkaya sumberdaya nya tapi kenapa masih berhutang kepada Negara-negara lain ?

Indonesia adalah Negara terkaya seperti gambar  yang saya ambil dari google…

         Lihatlah, Negara ini sangat amat kaya raya, tak ada bangsa atau negara lain sekaya INDONESIA! tapi apa yang terjadi ? Kekayaan Alam Indonesia tidak seirama dgn kehidupan 

          Rakyatnya yang miskin, terpuruk, melarat tak berdaya. Indonesia yang kaya dan subur ini juga mengimpor banyaknya produk makanan dan minuman.  Banyaknya barang impor yang mendominasi Negara tercinta ini karena kurangnya daya saing produk dari dalam negeri dan lemahnya perlindungan pemerintah terhadap produk lokal.

        Negara pengimpor produk makanan dan minuman terbesar di Tanah Air adalah MALAYSIA, China, Thailand dan SINGAPURA. Impor makanan dan minuman dari Malaysia mencapai 23,69 persen, atau menguasai 4-5 persen pasar makanan dan minuman di Indonesia. Produk makanan yang di impor seperti jagung, beras, tepung terigu , gula tebu , daging ayam ,mentega , minyak goreng , gula pasir , susu , kelapa sawit, the , kopi, dan masih banyak lagi .

     Indonesia masih memiliki sejumlah masalah perbatasan dengan negara tetangga. Setidaknya ada lima negeri jiran yang masih memiliki masalah perbatasan dengan Indonesia. Negara-negara tersebut antara lain Palau, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, dan Timor Leste.

        Akhir –akhir ini Indonesia slalu tertimpa bencana alam seperti banjir, tanah longsor , puting  beliung,  gel-ombang  pasang  dan  beberapa bencana  alam  lainnya dan itu juga karna ulah manusia sendiri seperti penebangan hutan liar , buang sampah sembarang tempat , dll. Padahal,  berlanjutnya  bencana  alam akan  menyebabkan  terjadinya  krisis kualitas  dan  kuantitas  air  bersih,  banyak yang terserang penyakit,  berubahnya  musim tanam  yang  berdampak  pada  masa produksi  pangan dan  serta  mengganggu  aktivitas masyarakat  lainnya.  Kurangnya langkah  antisipasi  dalam  menghada-pi  bencana  alam  berpotensi  menambah jumlah korban jiwa ataupun materi.

        Dan  Jika melihat kondisi masyarat Indonesia sekarang ini, ternyata daya serap masyarakat terhadap budaya global lebih cepat dibanding daya serapnya terhadap budaya lokal. Bukti nyata dari pengaruh globalisasi itu, antara lain dapat disaksikan dari gaya berpakaian, dan gaya berbahasa masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya generasi muda yang sudah berubah yang kesemuanya itu diperoleh karena kemajuan tehnologi informasi dan komunikasi khususnya pada media masa. seperti lewat televisi, radio, majalah, koran, buku, film, VCD, HP, dan kini lewat internet dan itu akan berdampak pada budaya dan kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia.

       Itulah beberapa kondisi indonesia saat ini dan masih banyak lagi berbedaan antara indonesia di masa lalu dan kondisi indonesia di masa kini dan mungkin kedepannya akan berubah dan semoga indonesia kedepannya akan lebih baik lagi di bandingkan di masa sekarang ini ....

Selesai

direct and indirect speech

NAMA : MUHAMMAD FAQIH HUSEIN

NPM  : 17214215

KELAS : 1 EA29

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

( Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung )

        Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

  Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

        Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

      Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

     Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Kekecualian :

      Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

     Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.He said that he would go there

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu

    Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

       Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

·         Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?”

Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing

·         Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?”

Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

      Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

        Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

 Command :

      Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

      Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

Precept :

      Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

      Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

Request :

      Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

      Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

Entreaty :

      Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

      Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

 Prohibition :

      Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

      Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

      Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

      Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

      Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,pray dsb.

v Exclamatory sentences

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

v Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan,pujian,dsb)

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

        Bentuk kalimat tidak lamgsung yang kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Past Tense, maka kalimatnya menglami perubahan Tense, kata ganti orang, serta keterangan tempat.

Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat

Averb Of Time
now today yesterday  last week a week ago a month ago tommorow next week next month next year	Then thet day  the day before, yhe previous day the week before a week before a month before the folloowing day, the next day the following week the following month the following year

Perubahan dari Direct Speech menjadi Indirect Speech

1. Pernyataan (Statement)

Statement
Said  Informed Explained Told	(that) + ...

        Bila pembicara melaporkan kembali apa yang dibicarakan oleh oang lain maka kata benda dalam kalimat tersebut harus berubah.

v  Direct Speech :

Deni says to Nana, "I am late"

Deni  berkata ke Nana, "Saya terlambat"

v  Indirect Speech :

Deni says to Nana that she late

Deni  berkata pada Nana bahwa dirinya terlambat. 

          Bila pembicara melaporkan dirinya sendiri, maka kata ganti orang (I, My, Me) tetap.

v  Direct Speech :

I said, " I will leave the country"

v  Indirect Speech :

I said I would leave the country.

 1.Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata " that " atau " to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, "why do you come late."	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."	He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, "why do you come late?"	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, "what does she eat?"	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, "when did you come?"	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, "who are you?"	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, "who is she?"	He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun

      Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

         Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

         Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

         Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk  itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next ...	The ... after The following ...
05	Last ...	The ... before The Previous ...
06	... ago	... before ... earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bagthere.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag herenow!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there

Soal !!!!

1.    Deni          : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
       Jamil         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
                a. had gone to his country            d. he went to his country
                b. he has gone to his country        e. he goes to his country
                c. he will go to his country
    Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect)

                                                                          
2.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
       Malik     : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
       Fadly     : he wanted to know ____
                a. if Mary was absent            d. that Mary had been absent
                b. why Mary was absent        e. why Mary had been absent
                c. why was Mary absent
    Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk  past perfect)

3.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
       Herman  : Okay, mom.
       Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
       Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
                a. I wasn’t so noisy               d. I am very noisy
                b. not to be so noisy             

                c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

4.   Doctor   : Open your mouth!
      Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?
      Son       : The doctor told me ___
                   a. that I open his mouth            d. to open my mouth
                   b. if I opened my mouth           
                   c. to open my mouth
        Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)

5.   Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
      Mother asked me ____
                a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
                b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
                c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
                d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
               
    Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

6.  do you need a pencil ? rudi asked

      Rudi asked me ­____

a.       If I need a pencil

b.      What I want a pencil

c.       If I want a pencil

d.      What I need a pencil

Jawabanya : A (  direct nya dalam bentuk tensesnya simple present maka indirectnya harus dalam bentuk simple past tense

7. Meri said “ I will help you “

    Meri said ______

a.       He will help me

b.      That he would help me

c.       That would help me

d.      He would help me

Jawabanya : B ( kalimat directnya dalam bentuk simple future tense,maka indiretnya harus dalam bentuk past future tense )

8. “ I am writing an email to my friend “

    He told that he ______an email to  my friend

a.       Is writing

b.      Was writing

c.       Writes

d.      Writes writing

Jawabanya : B ( directnya dalam bentuk present continous tense,dan kalimat indirect nya dalam bentuk past continous tense )

9.  “boby is learning Vietnamese”

     He told me that boby_____vietnamese.

a.       Will learn

b.      Learns

c.       Was learning

d.      Would learning

Jawabanya : C ( kalimat directnya dalam bentuk present continous , maka indirectnya bentuk past continous )

10. “ I will talk to general about this “

      The colonel said that he______ to general about this.

a.       Would  talk

b.      Will talk

c.       Talked

d.      Wiil talked

Jawabanya : A ( kalimat direct nya dalam bentuk simple future tense ,maka indirect nya dalam bentuk past future tense )

11. we have been here for a week

a.       They said had been there for a week

b.      They said had been here for a week

c.       They said we had  been there for a week

d.      They said we had been here for a week

Jawabanya : A  ( here pada direct di  ubah menjadi there )

12. your friend has just left.

a.       he told me that your friend had just left

b.      he told me that friend had just left

c.       he told me that is your friend just left

d.      he told me that my friend had just left

jawabanya : D ( verb present perfect tensed sesuaikan menjadi past perfect tense )

13. why are you staring at my feet ?

a.       he asked her why  she is staring at his feet

b.      he asked her why she was staring at his feet

c.       he asked her why was she staring at his feet

d.      he asked her why is she staring at his feet

jawabanya : B ( verb present continous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continous tense pada reported speech )

14. did they eat out together yesterday ?

a.       he asked me if they  had eaten out together yesterday

b.      he asked me if they had eaten out together the day before

c.       he asked me if they has eaten out together the day before

d.      he asked me if they has eaten out together yesterday

jawabanya : B ( direct berupa yes-no question dengan time reference *yesterday* dan di rubah menjadi *the day before*)

15.we have been here for a week

a.       They said had been there for a week

b.      They said had been here for a week

c.       They said we had  been there for a week

d.      They said we had been here for a week

Jawabanya : A  ( here pada direct di  ubah menjadi there )

16. I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity

a.       He asked me that began to understand the concept of biodiversity

b.      He wanted to know if the began to understand the concept of biodiversity

c.       He said that he began to understand the concept of biodiversity

d.      He asked that began to ofunderstand of biodiversity

Jawabanya : C (direct speech berupa statetmen atau pernyataan kalimat berbentuk simple present tense dan verb nya di rubah ke simple past tense )

17. can I borrow your pencil for a moment ?

a.       He asked me if he can borrow my pencil for a moment

b.      He asked me whether he can borrow my pencil for a moment

c.       He asked me whather he could borrow my pencil for a moment

d.      He asked me if the could borrow my pencil for a moment

Jawabanya : C ( modal verb *can* di sesuaikan menjadi *could* )

18. we have been her for a week

a.       They said they had been they for a week

b.      They said they had been here for a week

c.       They said we had been there for a week

d.      They said they had been there for a week

Jawabanya : D ( here pada direct di ubah menjadi there )

19 .“boby is learning Vietnamese”

     He told me that boby_____vietnamese.

a.       Will learn

b.      Learns

c.       Was learning

d.      Would learning

Jawabanya : C ( kalimat directnya dalam bentuk present continous , maka indirectnya bentuk past continous )

20. 14. did they eat out together yesterday ?

a.       he asked me if they  had eaten out together yesterday

b.      he asked me if they had eaten out together the day before

c.       he asked me if they has eaten out together the day before

d.      he asked me if they has eaten out together yesterday

jawabanya : B ( direct berupa yes-no question dengan time reference *yesterday* dan di rubah menjadi *the day before*)